Suchergebnisse

Heute werden die Flexibilitätsmarkt- und Netzentgeltdebatten in Deutschland und Dänemark vornehmlich getrennt geführt. Die Vielfalt an Vorschlägen und Forderungen macht es schwierig, sich in dieser Debatte zu orientieren und sie zum Gegenstand politischer und nicht nur technischer Auseinandersetzung zu machen. Eine Orientierung an einem klaren Rollenverständnis der Verteilnetze in erneuerbaren Energiesystemen hilft, diese Regulierungsfragen bezüglich der Entgelt- und Marktneugestaltung einzuordnen. Anhand der Grundsatzfragen "Was ist die Rolle des Verteilnetzesin einem erneuerbaren Energiesystem" und "Was gehört zum Netzbetrieb" beleuchtet dieser Beitrag deshalb drei Grundsatzprinzipien der heutigen Stromnetzentgeltsystematik: Das Kostenwälzungs-, Briefmarken- und Verursacherprinzip. Durch die Energiewende wird aus dem Verteilnetz ein Netz des Zusammenspiels, das die diskriminierungsfreie infrastrukturelle Grundlage für ein regionales Zusammenspiel von Erzeugung und Verbrauch bilden soll. Die bestehenden Grundsätze sind mit dieser neuen Rolle der Verteilnetzenicht im Einklang; vielmehr sind neue Prinzipien wie das der Subsidiarität und der Entflechtung in der Entgeltgestaltung erforderlich. Die Umsetzung dieser Prinzipien könnte durch eine Abstandskomponente in den Netzentgelten einerseits, und durch eine Neuausrichtung der Anreizregulierung andererseits erfolgen, bei der die Verteilnetzbetreiber zu Nachfragern auf regionalen Flexibilitätsmärkten werden. ; Heute werden die Flexibilitätsmarkt- und Netzentgeltdebatten in Deutschland und Dänemark vornehmlich getrennt geführt. Die Vielfalt an Vorschlägen und Forderungen macht es schwierig, sich in dieser Debatte zu orientieren und sie zum Gegenstand politischer und nicht nur technischer Auseinandersetzung zu machen. Eine Orientierung an einem klaren Rollenverständnis der Verteilnetze in erneuerbaren Energiesystemen hilft, diese Regulierungsfragen bezüglich der Entgelt- und Marktneugestaltung einzuordnen. Anhand der Grundsatzfragen "Was ist die Rolle des Verteilnetzes in einem erneuerbaren Energiesystem" und "Was gehört zum Netzbetrieb" beleuchtet dieser Beitrag deshalb drei Grundsatzprinzipien der heutigen Stromnetzentgeltsystematik: Das Kostenwälzungs-, Briefmarken- und Verursacherprinzip. Durch die Energiewende wird aus dem Verteilnetz ein Netz des Zusammenspiels, das die diskriminierungsfreie infrastrukturelle Grundlage für ein regionales Zusammenspiel von Erzeugung und Verbrauch bilden soll. Die bestehenden Grundsätze sind mit dieser neuen Rolle der Verteilnetzenicht im Einklang; vielmehr sind neue Prinzipien wie das der Subsidiarität und der Entflechtung in der Entgeltgestaltung erforderlich. Die Umsetzung dieser Prinzipien könnte durch eine Abstandskomponente in den Netzentgelten einerseits, und durch eine Neuausrichtung der Anreizregulierung andererseits erfolgen, bei der die Verteilnetzbetreiber zu Nachfragern auf regionalen Flexibilitätsmärkten werden.

This abstract has been published as: Hasberg, K. S. (2019). Vom Verteilnetz zum Netz des Zusammenspiels: Zur neuen Rolle von Verteilnetzen in erneuerbaren Energiesystemen in Dänemark und Deutschland. Zeitschrift für neues Energierecht, 23(5), 417-422. Please cite the published article: https://vbn.aau.dk/en/publications/from-distribution-grid-to-interaction-grid-on-the-new-role-of-dis Abstract: Distribution grid tariff reform is being discussed in several expert fora in Denmark and Germany, both in policy circles [1,2,3,4] and in academia [5,6,7,8]. Closely connected are policy debates on new models for consumer-centered electricity markets [9,10,11,12,13,14] and research [15,16,17,18,19] in this field, resulting from the merit-order-effect "missing money problem" on current wholesale electricity markets, as well as the changing regulatory landscapes away from feed-in-tariffs [20,21]. This paper gives a current status on the debates. [1] Agora Energiewende. Netzentgelte 2019 : Zeit für Reformen 2019. [5] Schittekatte T, Momber I, Meeus L. Future-proof tariff design: Recovering sunk grid costs in a world where consumers are pushing back. Energy Econ 2018;70:484–98. doi:10.1016/J.ENECO.2018.01.028. [7]Bergaentzlé C, Jensen IG, Skytte K, Olsen OJ. Electricity grid tariffs as a tool for flexible energy systems. doi:10.1016/J.ENPOL.2018.11.021. [15] Sousa T, Soares T, Pinson P, Moret F, Baroche T, Sorin E. Peer-to-peer and community-based markets: A comprehensive review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2019;104:367–78. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.036. [18] Parag Y, Sovacool BK. Electricity market design for the prosumer era. Nat Energy 2016;1:16032. doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.32. [19] Fereidoon P. Sioshansi (Editor). Consumer, Prosumer, Prosumager: How Service Innovations will Disrupt the Utility Business Model. 2019.

The district heating grid of Hamburg is the second largest in Germany, following Berlin. 1200 km heating network supplies appr. 500.000 consumers (equally divided between private households and commercial customers). Today, the district heating network of Hamburg consists of 25-30 different grids, of which the largest one, covering appr. 80 % of consumption, is owned and operated by Vattenfall. District heating covers only 20 percent of the overall heat supply, but induces 30 % of the CO2 emissions of the heating sector. The primary form of heat supply in Hamburg is individual heating based on natural gas. In contrast to the German electricity supply, there is almost no renewable energy in the heating sector. Because heat production is coal-based, the CO2 emissions from district heating in Hamburg are higher than those of individual gas-based heating. There is a large public and political resistance towards coal based district heating, and therefore a push towards increasing the share of renewable energy sources in the heating sector, and the need of developing an "open heating platform" is part of the discourse. As a result of a referendum held in 2013, the district heating system will be 're-municipalized' in 2019 and hence be sold from Vattenfall and EON to the City of Hamburg (FHH, Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg). After the referendum, Hamburg does virtually not have any heat planning, since until now, this was the responsibility of the private actors. With an open heating platform, there is potential for integrating new heat suppliers, e.g.: - Heat from the river Elbe via large heat pumps - Wastewater heat via large heat pumps - Integration of wind energy from Schleswig-Holstein (Power2Heat): According to the Think Tank 'Agora Energiewende', the potential for wind used in the heating sector is 2,3 TWh/year by 2023, due to low electricity prices. Today, taxes and duties prevent such a use of wind in the heating sector. Falling electricity prices constitute a risk element for district heating based on co-production of electricity and heat, especially after the coal powered power plant Moorburg started operating in February 2015. This reinforces the price dampening effect on electricity prices from increased wind production in northern Germany. Basing district heating on heat souces not based on co-production with electricity therefore becomes increasingly important.

Executive summary: A number of possible policy means of attaining the overall goals of the CEESA scenarios are discussed in this report. It is found that the transition from the present energy system dominated by fossil fuels to a system dominated by renewable energy sources requires significant changes in existing policies, both on the supply and the demand side. This is a change from polluting energy systems that depend on depleting inputs to energy systems that depend on relatively abundant inputs andarerelatively non-polluting and intermittent. This change requires a new paradigm. It requires infrastructure which can manage intermittent renewable energy sources in such a way that energy is available at the right time and in the right amount for the consumers. The policy instruments include systems of taxes, subsidies, tariffs, and other economic conditions in order to obtain an optimal effect. In addition, a number of institutional and regulatory changes are proposed. A central question in this connection is the balance between the role of the market and the role of societal planning and regulation.When the long lifetime of many energy plants and infrastructures, including buildings, istaken into account, it is concluded that the balance needs to changeto increase the role of long-term societal planning and regulation. A challenge tothe transition planning is how to obtain an efficient co-ordination between investments in electricity, transport, and heatingsectors. A number of macro-economic barriers exist to the transition from fossil fuels to renewables, e.g., in relation to market structuresthat support "lock-in" to technologies based on fossil fuels. In Denmark, another barrier is the prevalence of high discount rates for the planning of future investments.Some of the existing barriers can be removed (or reduced) by national changes of tariffs, taxes and other policies, and by changed planning methodologies and priorities at the national level, while others may need changes at the EU level. These changes will require alternative political decisions at high levels in Denmark and the EU. However, the political mechanisms which form the paths to these high-level decisions are not part of this report. One of the main problems in a future energy system dominated by intermittent renewable sources (e.g.,wind and solar energy) is the stability of the electric grid and the security of supply to electricity consumers. In this connection, biomass in different forms plays a central role as a storage element. But,while the amount of Danish biomass, taking into account other uses of the land area, is rather limited,biomass is also in demand in the transport sector and for high temperature industrial process heat (transformed to a liquid fuel or to biogas). Due to the limited biomass resources, the CEESA scenario proposes that the best solution is to letelectricity from wind and photovoltaicpowerreplace the demand for biomass, where possible, and to stabilize the grid by other means than biomass, where relevant alternatives are available. This includes the systematic use of large heat pumps and heat storage, eventually combined with electric cars. In addition, new and efficient communication systems between energy suppliers and consumers are required, often described as "intelligent grids" or "smart grids". The appropriate policy means should be selected in accordance with these technological solutions.